This manual provides a comprehensive introduction into the field of ophthalmology, the basic diagnostic methods of eye disorders, and the necessary equipment to diagnose and treat patients.

Preface……………………………………………………………………………..7

History……………………………………………………………………………… 9

Examination……………………………………………………………………..10

Ophthalmic Equipment……………………………………………………………………………………11

Visual acuity…………………………………………………………………………………13

Refraction…………………………………………………………………………………….18

Ocular motility examination…………………………………………………………22

Examination of the pupils…………………………………………………………….37

Visual field examination……………………………………………………………….40

Colour vision examination…………………………………………..46

External examination……………………………………………………………48

Slit lamp biomicroscopy……………………………………………………….52

Gonioscopy……………………………………………………………………………55

Tonometry……………………………………………………………………………..61

Posterior segment examination…………………………………………….64